Retaining and motivating staff are key issues for many employers. Research in the UK and USA has shown a clear link between employee share ownership and increases in productivity. The government has therefore introduced a variety of ways in which an employer can provide mechanisms for employees to obtain shares in the employer company without necessarily suffering a large tax bill. Provided the company meets the qualifying conditions, EMI can be one of the most tax efficient and flexible means available.
EMI allows selected employees (often key to the employer) to be given the opportunity to acquire a significant number of shares in their employer through the issue of options. Whilst an EMI can offer significant tax advantages, the key driver for any incentive arrangement should be the commercial objectives of the business.
This factsheet outlines the rules for EMI.
If shares are simply given to an employee the market value of the shares will be taxed as earnings from the employment. This is expensive for the employee as he may not have any cash to pay the tax arising.
In order to avoid this immediate charge, options could be granted to an employee. An option gives the employee the right to obtain shares at a later date. Provided that the terms of the option are that it must be exercised within ten years, any tax liabilities will be deferred until the time the options are exercised.
This may still be expensive for the employee if he is not then in a position to sell some of the shares in order to pay the tax arising.
EMI allows options to be granted to employees which may allow the shares to be received without any tax bill arising until the shares are sold.
How does it work?
Selected employees are granted options over shares of the company. The options should be capable of being exercised within ten years of the date of grant.
In order to qualify for the income tax and national insurance contribution (NIC) reliefs, the options awarded need to be actually exercised within ten years of the date of the grant. There is also a statutory limit of £250,000 in respect of options granted on or after 16 June 2012, which maximises the value of the options which may be granted to any one employee. No employee may hold unexercised qualifying EMI options with a market value of more than £250,000. The market value is taken at the date of grant.
What are the tax benefits to employees?
The grant of the option is tax-free.
There will be no tax or NICs for the employee to pay when the option is exercised so long as the amount payable for the shares under the option is the market value of the shares when the option is granted.
The EMI rules allow the grant of nil cost and discounted options. However, in these circumstances, there is both an income tax and NIC charge at the time of exercise on the difference between what the employee pays on exercise and the market value of the shares at the date of grant.
Following the acquisition of the shares, when the option is exercised, an employee may immediately dispose of, or may retain the shares for a period before selling them. At such time there will be a chargeable gain on any further increase in value. The CGT liability will depend on the availability of any reliefs and annual exemption.
In certain circumstances, in respect of shares acquired through exercising EMI options, Entrepreneurs’ Relief may be available to reduce the CGT liability to 10%. Although the Entrepreneurs’ Relief conditions have to be satisfied they are modified so that:
These rules apply to shares acquired on or after 6 April 2012.
What are the benefits to employers?
There are a number of issues to consider in deciding whether EMI is suitable for your company.
Does the company qualify?
EMI was introduced by the government to help small higher risk companies recruit and retain employees with the skills that will help them grow and succeed. The company must therefore:
The main trades excluded from being qualifying trades are asset backed trades such as:
Which employees are eligible and who should be issued options?
An employee cannot be granted options if they control more than 30% of the ordinary share capital of the company. They must spend at least 25 hours a week working for the company or the group, or if the working hours are shorter, at least 75% of their total working time must be spent as an employee of the company or group.
Subject to the above restrictions, an employer is free to decide which employees should be offered options. The sole test is that options are offered for commercial reasons in order to recruit or retain an employee.
What type of shares will be issued?
EMI provides some flexibility for employers. For example, it is possible to limit voting rights, provide for pre-emption or set other conditions in respect of shares which will be acquired on exercise of an EMI option. The shares must, however, be fully paid ordinary shares so that employees have a right to share in the profits of the company.
When will the rights to exercise options arise?
The options must be capable of being exercised within ten years of the date of grant but there does not have to be a fixed date.
Examples of circumstances in which the options could be exercised include:
Options can be made to lapse if certain events arise, for example the employee leaves the employment.
Whilst an EMI can offer significant tax advantages, the key driver for any incentive arrangement should be the commercial objectives of the business. There are a variety of alternative arrangements which can be used each with their own conditions and advantages. We can help you decide whether EMI is appropriate for your business and whether the business will qualify. Please contact us for advice on the best options available for your business.